Q2 2018: How the heat wave affects electricity demand
Download PDF
by Dr Iain Staffell – Imperial College London
16.5 degrees is the Goldilocks temperature for the Brits – not hot enough for air-con, not too cold to put the heating on.
In March we saw how the Beast from the Eastcaused a surge in demand, now the long summer heat wave is doing the same.
June 23rd marked the start of the heat wave, with daytime temperatures surpassing 30°C in Scotland and Wales. The last week of June was 3.3°C warmer than the previous week, and demand was 860 MW higher (see chart, below left). This rise is equivalent to the power demand from an extra 2.5 million households1.
This reflects the growing role of air conditioning and refrigeration in shops, and cooling for data centres. Global electricity demand from cooling is rising dramatically, and is seen as a ‘blind spot’ in the global energy system. This will become more important as global temperatures, and more importantly, global incomes rise. However, it is easier to deal with than cold spells during winter because demand is low and solar PV output is high.
Below 14°C, demand increases by 750 MW for every degree it gets colder as buildings need more heating. Around a tenth of British homes have electric heating, as do half of commercial and public buildings2. And while the UK is not synonymous with air conditioners, demand rises by 350 MW for each degree that temperature rises above 20°C.
This effect may well grow stronger in the coming years. National Grid expect that the peak load from air conditioners will triple in the coming decade. Perhaps events such as the current prolonged heat wave may spur more households to invest in air conditioning.
Average temperature and demand during June weekdays, weekends are excluded as demand is lower (below left). The relationship between electricity demand and temperature in Britain during 2016–18, showing daily averages on weekdays (below right)
1: Assuming annual consumption of 3,100 kWh per household (for homes without electric heating).
2: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-comparisons-of-heating-cooling-and-heat-decarbonisation-policies
Authors: Dr Iain Staffell, Professor Richard Green, Dr Rob Gross and Professor Tim Green.